Studies In The Theory Of Emotional Development

Studies In The Theory Of Emotional DevelopmentThe maturational touches and the facilitating surroundings Studies in the possibility of horny inventment written by Donald W. Winnicott is a fundamental loudness, which is created from show of his promulgated and unpublished papers on psycho outline and tike outgrowth amid years of 1926-1964. The book in rolls the readers just well-nigh the maturation process of a human human beings step by step from too soon puerility to adolescence stage. The main theme of this book dates back to Freuds theories to infancy. Winnicott roughlyly found his discussions on Freuds basic concepts and he had carryn Freuds concepts as the frame of his references, however Winnicott did not based his discussions on Freudian concept. Through f on the whole out the paper, it is find that the ideas were based on between Winnicotts and Freuds ideas on maturational processes (Winnicott, 1965). In this astonishing collection, Dr. Winnicott analyses the maturational processes in lead phases of suppurational approach, theoretical approach and the technique in depth. The book is scripted in a candid language that people who atomic number 18 new to psychoanalytic study can benefit from its virtue. Furthermore, the aim of this reappraisal is to elaborate on theory of maturational processes in emotional development by analyzing Winnicotts theories in fill-in of different theories at of different theorists who studies the emotional development likewise. In ordering to accomplish this task, first the antecedent and his theory go away be introduced briefly. Subsequently, theories of other theorists will be move everyplaceed and discussed in depth in order to contemplate the likeliness of maturational processes of human being and psychoanalytical therapy session.The AuthorDonald W. Winnicott (1896-1971), Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and psychoanalyst received his first analysis from James Strachey. Before this e vent, in 1919 he read Freud in Brills interpreting of The Interpretation of Dreams. Strachey was attentive to Winnicotts interest in tikeren and electric razor analysis by encouraging him to research well-nigh Melanie Klein. Afterwards, he had become Kleins student and spent several years as her supervisee. Way to understand Winnicott, goes from Klein since Klein had pointed out the missing parts from Freuds theory, the emotional development. His accomplishments of working with bollocks ups and chelaren clinically, gave rise to psychoanalytic field, and take him to become the second historic person after Klein in British Object Relations School. (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154 Levine, 2006 Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Winnicotts original ideas had differed from Kleinians. check to Rodman, Winnicott differed from others since he was in close contact with scram and impairs. He, in like manner, telld that Winnicotts conflict with Kleininas was a turning point in his life, which le d him to develop the theory of True Self (Levine, 2006).Winnicott had published over two hundred papers and some valuable books including Through Paediatrics to Psychanalysis (1958), Therapeutic Consultations in tyke Psychiatry (1971), The Piggle (1977), playact and Reality (1971) (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154 Levine, 2006 Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Play and Reality, one of his well known books, is improved version of his paper Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena (1951), which discusses the importance of transitional stage in an individuals life, and intense puzzles that take place in art, religion and fantasy world. Lastly, Winnicott refers to this book the most (Winnicott, 1971, p.15). When Winnicotts differentiation from Klein traced, one can assume that this process is Winnicotts transitional phenomena from his supervisor to become an independent theorist. instruct summary of the bookPart One Papers on DevelopmentWinnicott starts off the book from collection of p apers on development. First, he explains the importance of the psycho-analysis and sense of immorality by stating A psycho-analyst comes to the playing field of guilt as one who is in the habit of hypothecateing in terms of growth, in terms of the growth of the human individual, the individual emotional growth (Winnicott, 1965, p.15). Afterwards, Winnicott continues stating by sense of guilt is visible when the child enters to Oedipal Stage, since unconsciously the child is wishing his/her same sex parent to disappear and tallyly feelings of love and hate rises in this stage. After this stage, child enters to Superego and ego comes in terms with the superego, leaving anxiety to mature into guilt. Winnicott states that at this stage, child would feel sense of guilt matchd to masturbation. He continues by describing the individuals who acquired guilt feeling might recede from melancholia and obsessional neurosis. The origin of guilt feeling arises from Oedipus complex, when the child starts to experience three way kind ( father, baffle and child).Next, Winnicott continues with the term mental object to be all which is highly related with emotional development of an individual. It is basically experience of being alone in presence of another person, which helps children to build up his/her ego and contributes to build individuals personality. Winnicott includes the importance of parent and child birth by defining the holding surroundings. The baby is dependent to holding environment where the mother holds the infant physically, emotionally and in her mind. Following the mother and the infant will live together. The child is now a psychosomatic (psyche indwelling in the soma) being on its own. He sees all the intents, including his mother, as outside of himself. At this stage, the childs ego moves on from the state of unintegration to integration and now he has gained the capacity to develop object relations. In other lyric, he has now passed on fro m a subjectively designed object to an on objectively perceived object relationship, which the infant can live with the father and mother together. Winnicott includes that the infant development should facilitated by good-enough motherlike care in order for infant to survive. He continues stating that it can be said that infants ego is weak, however strengthen by his mothers ego.Further on, Winnicott states the importance for child to experience broad(a) dependency, telling dependency and in dependency, in order to integrate the ego. He includes the importance of ego strength that receives ego-support from the mothers adaptational behaviour and love. Accordingly, Winnicott articulates the relation of postulate of children to those of infants in health and crisis. Additionally, he points out the importance of the relationship between childcare that is provided by healthcare providers versus natural care that is supplied by the parents. Correspondingly, Winnicott discussed the de velopment of the capacity for concern in children. His statement was concern was assumes to belong to the stage that is prior to Oedipus complex. The capacity for concern was part of two carcass relationship, between the mother and the infant. In order the infant to experience guilt or hold it in full expectation of an opportunity to reparation, he needs to develop capacity for concern.Following this paper, Winnicott discussed infants growth from dependence towards independence. There are three categories in this issue. The first one is absolute dependence, which is the early stage of emotional development. The infant is dependent on the mothers womb and care from the beginning. In this section Winnicott states that This term maturational process refers to evolution of the ego and of the self, and includes the whole story of the id, of instincts and their vicissitudes, and of defences in the ego relative to instinct (Winnicott, 1965). In this state, the mothers go by with(predica te) a phase called primary agnate preoccupation where the mothers are preoccupied with the care of their baby starting from the last few weeks of pregnancy and couple of weeks after the birth. Their babies seem part of them and they are determine with the baby. Accordingly, the mothers know how their baby feels like or what their baby needs. In this accompaniment, the mother herself is dependent. The next step is relative dependence where the infant is aware of the presence of dependence. In order to explain this phase, Winnicott stated that when the mother is off for a moment beyond the time-span of his (or her) capacity to desire in her survival, anxiety appears, and this is the first sign that the infant knows. The last step is infants journey to towards independence. Once the child passed the both phases linguistic rulely, he/she will become desirable to meet with world and its hardships, since he/she will be able to observe what is already present in his(her own self. La stly, this stage explains the attempts of the toddler child and of the child at puberty.Part Two Theory and techniqueIn the second part Winnicott, dedicated himself informing the readers most the theories of child psychology and the techniques that is used in child psychoanalysis.Winnicott starts with contributions of direct child observation to psycho-analysis. According to Winnicotts direct observation, the baby must have a physical and psychological maturity in order to have a full emotional development. When these phenomena take place in psychoanalysis the analyst cannot date when it occurred. However, the analyst will be able to describe to tolerants early infancy. Furthermore, infants play become acknowledge in process of analysis. Play includes the personal growth of by means of imagination. Winnicotts foremost crucial theory is transitional object and phenomena. In this phase, the normal developing baby adopts a piece of cloth or a teddy bear. For a piece the child will subject this object to himself he will carry it with him all the time and wants to have full possession of the object. Therefore, according to Winnicott, starting from infancy, the mother should tolerate and allow the baby to besmear this object, to harm it, to ruin it. If the mother is race this object, or cleaning it, or mending it or sewing it, she is breaking up and destroying something. What the mother is destroying is the kernel the baby attaches to the object and to what she is doing to the object.Winnicott explains that concentration of environmental phenomena in which crystallizes out a person (p.138), a mother, and deep down the mother the infant constitutes as anatomically and physically, later on at the birth date, the infant becomes a female or male individual. Winnicott states that there is no such thing as a newborn infant on its own, what you can see is the mother baby unity which is called nursing couple. Where you find a baby you will find maternal care. At th e beginning the baby exists provided by means of the maternal care with whom the baby forms a whole. This care period is before the communicatory period. The baby does not blab, in this period which is prior to presenting the baby with word symbols, the relationship between the mother and the baby is a maternal empathy. The baby is completely dependent and with what he receives from this dependency his ego develops and he paves the way for the construction of a separate self. When assumed that the development progressed normally with good enough initiation, unbent self operates steady and protects the being from the absurd self.False self is described as the breakdown of the childs illusion of omnipotence by the mothers non-empathetic replies at early period results in serious psychopathological consequences. A child in such a situation will gradually develop a false self. He will give up his needs and demands and will quickly try to form himself according to the demands and ex pectations of the mother or others. He will observe himself and his surroundings all the time and trying to assess reality, he will be inclined to present a superficial concordance. The real self which has not developed, will be enveloped, encapsulated and hidden by false self. Real self is the source of needs and expressions itself. False self, on the other hand, is a continuous employment in order to create the positive surroundings the environment has not provided one with. In analysis of a false personality, Winnicott describes, the fact must be recognized that the analyst can only talk to the False Self of the patient about the patients True Self (Winnicott, 1965, p.151). He continues stating that in point of transition, the analyst and the patient should be in extreme dependence, when the analyst starts to get into contact with the True Self.Winnicott discusses the importance of counter-transference inside the therapy. Additionally, he stated the aim of psycho-analytical trea tment is keeping alive, well, and awake. It is crucial to be aware of what, when, and how the patient states the current statement or releases the emotion.Following, Winnicott discusses how to train for child psychiatry, since it is a different field than psychiatry that is applied to adults. Child psychiatry is involved with the emotional growth of the individual child and his/her maturational processes which is provided by his/her environment and the issues that derives from child him/herself. Accordingly, child psychiatry requires additional education of type which is provided by Psycho-Analysis and Analytical Psychology. Winnicott continues by stating the importance of mental hygiene of character disorders and he elaborates by discussing them in terms of maturational processes. Lastly, he concludes by stating the importance of dependence in infant-care, in child-care, and the psycho-analytic setting.The Critique of the bookWhen the main issue is the maturational process, it is crucial to acknowledge Freuds theory since almost all of the theories stemmed from it. According to Freud, in infancy and childhood, the individuals anticipated concern is survival issues, which are experienced through nursing and the mothers activities with infants body, following infants fantasies about birth and death. Also, the infant will experience these issues through the sexual bond with its parents. Later on the infant will experience, pleasure principle where he/she demands all of his/her needs to be accomplished immediately (id). With reality principle, the infant realizes some gratifications are that problematic, however the infant will realize it is worth to wait for them (ego) (McWilliams, 1994 Mitchell Black, 1995). Freuds drive theory states that the child will go through psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic and latency stage (where superego develops). Therewithal, Winnicott values the theories of Freud and based the fundamental of his theories from his. Howe ver, Freud states that patients problems stems from secrets, gaps in memory, while Winnicott believes that the patient is shaping and molding the analytic situation to provide the environmental features missed in childhood (Mitchell Black, 1995, 133-134). According to my observation, even though Winnicott had developed a different style of maturational processes than Freuds, still he based his ideas on his drive theory. Freuds maturational processes of emotional development reciprocate my idea of maturation, since the stages are apprised when the children are spy from the frame of drive theory. Accordingly, I believe that Winnicotts stages of theory builds up on Freuds maturational stages with addition of mother-infant relationship reinforcement.The dedicated theorists, Klein and Anna Freud, had different theories which concerned technical problems with regard to analyzing. Klein believed that children were analysable as long as their play was interpreted, while Anna Freud argued that small children are not analysable since they have weak ego and they cannot handle interpretations. (Mitchell Black, 1995). Klein s play technique of child analysis, which the child is offered with simple toys that represents his fantasy life (Klein, 1975). On the other hand A.Freud states that since Superego is the heir of the Oedipus Complex, the pre-oedipal child will be unable to obtain internal controls of his own erotic and aggressive impulses. Even though, Winnicott was influenced by Kleins theory, he still acknowledged A.Freuds view of giving importance of the childs actual parents. On the other hand, Klein was insufficiently respectful of the role of parents and concentrated on childs internal world of fantasy to the exclusion of external factors (Phillips, 1988). However, Winnicotts benefaction to psychoanalytic theory was formulated to re-introduce the importance of the real mother in development. He gives the mother a relatively passive role, at least from the infa nts point of view (Katz, 1996). Winnicott believes that there is not only an infant there is a nursing couple between mother and the infant. When I trust of these theories, I also, believe psychoanalysis cannot be applied to the children. I support Kleins the play technique, however I believe that children are not ready to hear the interpretations, since they have not accomplished all of the developmental stages as A.Freud stated. Additionally, I disagree with Kleins point of view of excluding parents, when working with children. Since the care of the mother and the environment is crucial in childrens development, I think parents contribution to the therapy session will be meaningful as Winnicott stated.Stern disagrees on the existence of developmental stages as other theorists do. Stern makes an attempt to free infancy and psychoanalysis from predisposition of adult psychopathology. His position is that the infants from the start mainly experience the reality and their subjective experiences without suffering distortion or defences (Downey, 1988). In contrary of Winnicotts developmental stages, Stern uses for senses of self, which are emergent self, the core self, the subjective self and the verbal self. According to Erten (2010), Stern emphasizes the importance of sense of subjective self as the crucial steps of development of the child. Erten states that, according to Stern I think, Stern was influenced by Winnicotts theory of mother-infant relationship and applied to his own theory. In Sterns system the mother and the infant are in a dual relationship, in other words in sync.Stern (1985), and A. Freud (1965) were influenced by Winnicot (1971)s transitional object and phenomenon by describing the importance of having a soft philia in process of differentiating from the mother. However, Sterns view on this phenomenon is different than Winnicotts. Winnicott believes that it is crucial for child to be leftover alone with the transitional object whereas Ste rn states it is normal for mother to enter infants play in this stage is normal and she should encourage the infant play with the transitional object. Once the infant gets acquainted with the toy, he/she should be left alone. He states that it is beneficial for development of self-regulation (Stern, 1985). Additionally, Erten (2010) includes that the child will start to take a journey from his privileged world to external world as he will travel from subjectivity to objectivity. I think that Winnicotts opinion seems more logical, since the transitional object should be an object that will help the child to split from his mother in order to take steps in the journey of becoming an individual. I think that transitional object would replace the pleasure that the child is receiving from the mother until the child gets acquainted to his new situation.Erten (2010) indoors Winnicotts holding theory the environmental mother will witness the child, through out his development by holding t he child mentally. The mother will stand besides her childs existence and will have an optimal dance with her child. By optimal dance, Winnicott meant that the mother will stand by her childs side, while not abusing her childs existence by interrupting him. In another words, the child should live his loneliness in presence of his mother. In my opinion, this optimal dance is similar to Sterns idea of affect attunement. Affect attunement is described belowWhen the infant is around ix months old, however, one begins to see the mother add a new dimension to her imitation-like behavior, a dimension that appears to be geared to the infants new status as a potentially intersubjective partner. (It is not clear how mothers know this revision has occurred in the infant it seems to be part of their intuitive parental sense.) She begins to expand her behavior beyond true imitation into a new category of behavior we will call affect attunement (Stern, 1985, p. 140).In Sterns theory, the moth er follows the affect and behavior of her child in a compatible manner, while in Winnicotts theory, the mother watches over her child without interrupting his being but still keeping a compatible manner mentally.Additionally, Erten (2010) was able relate Winnicotts concept of capacity to be alone with Bowlbys attachment theory. He stated that the individual can form relationship which is free from separation anxiety, if he/she was able to securely attach to his mother in infancy stage. Erten continues by stating the infant who formed insecure attachment will be alone in both cases of when the mother departures (the baby is left alone) and when the mother arrives since he/she ignores the arrival of the mother due to her departure. The reason is as the object leaves (the mother), the baby feels abandoned in his/her subjective world and the anxiety will be impact according to frequency of mothers departure. I strongly agree with Winnicotts and Ertens statements since the concept of ca pacity to be alone is also a way for child to relax in his own time. Accordingly, I believe that the child will learn to soothe himself without requiring someones attention.ConclusionIn the book, The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development, Winnicott informs the readers about the developmental theory ranging from early childhood to adolescence, while he explains the crucial theories that contribute the emotional development of the individual. He concludes the collection by narrating the differences between child and adult psychiatry styles, while he states the possible psychiatric disorders that might stem from infantile maturational processes. The book consisted from the collection of Winnicotts various papers.Winnicott, a originator Kleinian, began to separate from Klein as he started to form his own theory by observing infant-mother relationship. By commission on this two-body relationship and basing on Sigmund Fre uds drive theory and nourishing his theories from Kleins and A.Freuds opinions, Winnicott formed different and useful theories about emotional development of individual. Unlike other theorists, Winnicott begins his theory starting from pregnancy period, when the baby is in the womb, kinda of starting from the birth. He values the first relationship of mother-infant, the dependency period, immensely. Winnicott, rarely mentions the fathers role in his theories.Winnicott, also, emulates infant-mother relationship with patient-therapist relationship. When it is considered, the concepts that he mentioned can be visible in therapeutic session. Such as, the patients prefer to have capacity to be alone and experience going on being state by being reserved in the therapy room. On the other hand, the therapist maintains a holding environment by not interrupting the patient, by being by his side.Finally, Winnicotts current book of collection is a well rounded, detailed book which captures th e reader and provokes spirit as the reader dives into the book. The new students of psychoanalysis and pupils who wants to be psychotherapist must read this book in order to apprehend the full journey of individuals maturational processes.